A critical exploration whether Gandhi was primarily a political figure Research Paper

A critical exploration whether Gandhi was primarily a political figure or a social reformer - Research Paper Example This involvement with the emergence of India brings Gandhi the fame as a political figure. He spent a significant part of his life as a political activist in the Congress, one of the two major political parties of India under the British rule. Though he had been an active political figure, his political activities were bordered on the verge of social reformations which could successfully bring him the landslide faith and support from the common Indians. Indeed the question whether he was primarily a political figure or a social will continue to engender debate till one fails to pursue the true Gandhian nationalist zeal. The son of a senior British Government clerk, Gandhi adamantly believed in the soul of democracy and the formal democratic politics.1 Therefore, Gandhi, once the devout British patriot who once worked publicly to earn the Indians’ support for the British Army’s war against Zulu Kingdom in 1906, could not call for the violent liberation war that, causing much bloodshed, could have destroyed the British-induced political reform in India.2 Prior to his experience of successful civil-disobedience or non-violent protest against the segregation Act of the Transvaal Government in 1906, he became familiar with British democratic political culture, while he was studying law in London. Later his experience of the success of ‘Satyagraha’ further provided him a political insight into the non-violent public protest against the tyranny of a political system.3 Indeed Gandhi’s political insight and experience urged him to assume the role of a social reformer. His pose as a social reformer only served his political purpose of uniting the Indians to emerge as a strong political force. Also for the same reason, he did not have his own pure political or social philosophy. His personal philosophy was more of a loose collection of ideas that a strict structure of thought. Indeed Gandhi was a great political leader under the apparel o f a social-reformer. Brief Background of Gandhi’s Concept of Satyagraha Gandhi, once the Barrister in South Africa was inspired to put his wholehearted faith in Satyagraha, the heart of his civil-disobedience.4 This barrister was sagacious enough to perceive the power of public unity and support in a modern democratic state. He adopted the Civil-disobedience policy as a means of political protest which could simultaneously sustain the state and create pressure on it toward the intended end. Indeed this protest policy of civil disobedience could sustain the basic form of a government through non-violent defiance, while forcing her to compromise with the defiant civil group.5 But the success of civil disobedience crucially pivots on the weight, of the defiance of protesters, which in democracy is considered as the volume of support. With this new insight, in 1915, Gandhi returned at a critical moment when India was rolling into a democratic political environment from the shadow of the British colonial rule. Gandhi the barrister with his new political insight was wise enough not to jeopardize the prospect India, then, the child of democracy.6 During the 1910s the democracy was budding through the National Congress Party; it was the age when the literate Indians had already adapted with the democratic environment and the rural underdeveloped Indians were waiting for a leader who could lead to the light of democracy. Indeed Gandhi fulfilled this very need of a leader who could raise political awareness among the common Indians only to strengthen the Indians’ voice for independence.7 If Gandhi had called for violent resistance

Relevance of Earlier Warfare to Modern Warfare Essay Example for Free

Relevance of Earlier Warfare to Modern Warfare Essay The art of War has been the subject of great scholarly activity as the attributes that make a person a skilled Commander in times of War have arose great curiosity amongst statesmen, generals and philosophers alike. More surprisingly, the advent of modern warfare has cast a shadow of fallacy on the minds of many individuals and has made them to believe that the current military professional has nothing to learn from the great commanders of the past as he is too â€Å"well equipped† to dwell on such detail. The truth is that history is the best teacher and as this paper progresses, I will be utilizing historic references to explain my point of contention that there is still a lot to learn from the likes of Fredrick the Great, Napoleon and Ulysses Grant. Argument The first and foremost evidence to support my thesis is that there is similarity between the goals of the current military professional and his counterpart from centuries ago. This similarity is more profound if you find yourself fighting for the same ideals, the same land and the same enemy. It is this similarity between the two that allows the current military professional to reassess himself in light of what is happening today. For example, according to Adam Hart – Davis (2007), the prime reason for the fall of Napoleon was that he invaded Russia, in the year 1812 (P. 179). The Russian Generals tactfully withdrew from territory destroying their own towns, farms, cultivation and infrastructure along the way. A month after defeating the Russians outside Moscow, Napoleon decided to retreat back to Paris out of concern of loss of control. However, his decision to do so in the winter proved fatal as the lack of shelter and infrastructure killed his troops physically and mentally. The Russians kept pursuit of the retreating forces and managed to kill scores of them. By the time Napoleon managed to get back home, all that was left of his army was a demoralized handful of men against an efficiently trained numerous force that had left Paris with him on the way to Russia earlier that year, contributing to his eventual fall in 1815. According to Gilbert (2004), a 130 years on, Hitler made the same mistake when he invaded Russia in 1941 just when the harsh winter started (P. 249). The Russians employed the same strategy and after defeating the Germans at the siege of Moscow and Stalingrad, they chased the retreating German forces back into Germany proper and were instrumental in the fall of Berlin and the end of the Nazi regime itself. Thus, had Hitler paid attention to the fault at which his predecessor had been, there was a great probability that he would not have met the end that he did in 1945. The second point of argument is that although how we conduct warfare these days has changed, the strategy or tactfulness has not. No matter what resources in weaponry and personnel that a general may have at his disposal, there is no denying that as far as tact is concerned, there is always a lot to learn. Consider Fredrick the Great who, in 1756, fearing a joint attack by major European powers including Russia, Sweden, and Hapsburg Austria etc launched a pre-emptive strike on its neighbors. According to The strategy was of immense benefit as he was able to destroy part of the hostile forces that allowed moral and tangible support when confronted by a full scale invasion. According to Adam Hart Davis (2007), the same strategy was followed by Israel in 1967 when on rumors of a joint Arab attack on her lands compelled her to make a pre emptive strike on Egypt, Syria and Jordan (P. 353). The result was that Israel doubled its land area in just six days by capturing the Sinai Peninsula, the West Bank and the Golan heights. Again, what mattered was not the advanced weaponry that Israel had but the line of thought that was mutual between Fredrick the Great in 1756 and the Israeli leadership of 1967. Another example is the use of landscape and climate by the Russian Tsar Alexander in 1812 against Napoleon and by the Russian leader Joseph Stalin in 1941 against Nazi Germany. This use of the climate is yet to be seen again but, according to Adam Hart – Davis (2007), the use of the terrain and the landscape by the Viet-Cong against American forces in Vietnam and the Afghan Guerrillas against Soviet troops in Afghanistan enforces my point that tact is something which can be learned from the great Generals of the past (P. 355, 373-4). The last reason to support my thesis is that the rules of engagement have not changed as weaponry or tools have improved and not changed completely. This calls for a more proactive approach as to how we address the issue at hand, namely, whether the current military professional stand to benefit from the study of the Great generals of the past. Consider an example. The Trojan War, as depicted by Homer in the Iliad and the Odyssey, could be the first example in warfare history of deception. Whereby the Trojan horse was meant to be a gift, it turned out to be a mechanism as to how the Athenian forces enter the city. Contrast this with reports that in the run up to the 2003 Second Gulf War. According to Sifry and Cerf (2007), American intelligence agencies planted false evidence to make Saddam Hussein believe that the coalition attack would come from Turkey and not from the Southern neighboring countries of Kuwait and Saudi Arabia (P. 114). This forced Saddam to place more battalions to defend the Northern front than would have been necessary. Thus, it can be argued that weaponry or tools, to a large extent have remained the same in nature but have changed in form. Guns have replaced swords but their use remains the same. Cannon guns have been replaced but their use remains the same. The Trojan horse has been replaced by false intelligence and thus the use remains the same. In the end, the point of contention is that if the tools at hand for the general have only changed in form and not in substance, there is every reason to believe that the current military professional stands to benefit a lot by studying his counterparts from centuries ago. Conclusion Thus, as can be seen, there is still a lot for the current military professional to learn from his predecessors. The reasons are that situations repeat themselves, tactfulness is an attribute that can be readily applied and does not wither with age and the use of the tools at the military disposal remains the same. It can be argued, thus, that the greatest armies of our time will not be those that have the most advanced weaponry but those with the best Generals who happen to know the history of those before them yet alike them. Adam Hart Davis (2007). History: The Definitive Visual Guide from the Dawn of Civilization to the Present Day. London: Dorling Kindersley. Gilbert, M. (2004). The Second World War: A complete History. London: Henry Holt and Co. Sifry, M. Cerf. C. (2007). Iraq War Reader: History, Documents, Opinions. . New york: Simon Schuster

A Stylistic Analysis of Blue Eyed Soul Essay -- soul roots, gospel blu

The aim of this essay will look at how Blue-eyed soul relates back to it's parent genre, Soul; through analysis of musical features. Blue eyed soul is typically described as White musicians who have recreated soul music of the 1960's (Encyclopedia Britannica, 2013). The somewhat ambiguous term refers to White musicians who â€Å"emulated black vocal styling and phrasing, and often covered black songs but also established themselves as recording artists with audience crossover skills† (Cooper, 2010, p.1). How musically different is the sub-genre, Blue-eyed soul to Soul or is it only a category which conformed to society norms of the 1960's? Soul roots relate back to stylist elements of Gospel, Blues, Jazz and Rhythm&Blues (Brown 1982 cited in Borthwick and Moy, 2004; Pruter, 1993). It was once under the category of Race music which defined all African American music. Soul is seen as a rise of African-American civil rights movement and is classify as the â€Å"essence of black culture† (Bowman, 2012, p.439). Soul is known for the group of labels, such as Stax and Motown, that had built and produced many of the well known soul artist we know of today. Many of the artists that began the rise of soul came from other musical genre background including Jazz, blues and gospel, for example Ray Charles and Sam cooke. Sam Cooke had a professional Gospel career before becoming known for his smooth soulful style with his secular lyrics and a more Pop sound, a good example of this is Twistin' the night away. The song has prominent vocals and the instruments stayed more in the background. For Soul, the focus on vocals is typical and before singer songwriters were popular, it was the delivery and presentation from the vocalist, to interpret the lyrics i... ...33 (5), 663-693. Neal, M. A. (2005). White chocolate soul: Teena Marie and Lewis Taylor. Popular music, 24(3), 369-380. doi:10.1017/S0261143005000577 Myers, M. (2012,12 July). The song that conquered radio. The wall street journal. Retrieved from http://uk.wsj.com/ Phil Spector's wall of sound. (2009, 14 April). BBC news. Retrieved from http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/ Pruter, R, (1993). The Blackwell guide to Soul recording: edited by Robert Pruter. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers. Shaw, A., (1986). Black popular music in America: from the spirituals, minstrel and ragtime to soul, disco and hip-hop. New York: Schirmer Books. soul music.(2014). Encyclopà ¦dia Britannica Online. Retrieved 06 January, 2014, from http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/555198/soul-music Tymieniecka, B. (Director) (2009). Da doo ron ron: The story of Phil Spector. [DVD]. US: Charley Films.

Reasoning Behind U.S. Decision to Enter the Korean War Essay

Introduction What determined the United States to enter the one of the costliest wars in the twentieth-century is a good topic for foreign policy study. There are several possible explanations as to why the United States participated in the war. The most important explanation is that the western world would be in a greater threat if North Korea won the war. Communist was considered as expansionism by the White House; hence, occupying South Korea might be a move of Communists to expand the Communist territory in the world. To prevent this, the United States needed to deter this possible threat. Another one is the United States is afraid of communist expansion. If North Korea won the war, it might cause countries swinging between Communist and Democratic to become Communist. Moreover, the domestic political situation for the Truman administration at that time was crucial in analyzing why the United States entered the war. These are the most important factors motivating America to enter the war. Des pite the profits of the entry in the war, there were some reasons preventing the United States involved in the war. Because North Korea’s invasion was likely backed by the USSR, if the United States failed to handle the situation properly, a World War III might happen; this would lead to huge loss of U.S. personal and substantial financial costs. Other than that, because China borders North Korea and China was another major Communist country, the United States intervention could lead to war with China. In this paper, I would first analyze each major reason individually for entering the war or not intervening. After that, I would put the picture together to explain why the United States eventually chose to participate in the war. Reasons the United States entered the Korean War Fear of Communist Expansion The most important factor that influenced U.S. entry into the Korean War was the USSR’s and other Communist countries’ ambitions to expand. After WWII, the White House had started to consider the Soviet Union as imperialist. The report â€Å"the Truth of Korea† implied that the United States was a free nation and the Soviet Union was intended to build a Soviet empire around the world. By considering the Soviet Union as imperialist, the United States was afraid that if the United States stood aside in the Korean War, Communist countries would take further actions to expand. For instances, China would attack Taiwan, IndoChina would overthrow France and become Communist countries, and the Soviet Union would even build communist regimes in Middle East or West Europe. The worries were likely to become reality unless U.S. intervened. After WWII, the Soviet Union consolidated their power by setting up puppet communist governments in all countries they had liberated, except Yugoslavia. Both force and politics were used to keep East European countries following commands from Moscow. Based on these behaviors of the USSR on other countries, it was reasonable that the United States labeled the Soviet Union as imperialism. Facing a country with desires to control other countries, punishment was a better choice than appeasement according to the deterrence model. If the United States entered the war and secured independence of South Korea, Communist power would be contained. Consequently, when Communist countries were making decisions of territorial expansion, they had to consider the cost and consequence of a war with the United States. Therefore, the intervention could contain Communist power and prevent potential wars from happening. Fear of Bandwagoning The second important reason U.S. entered the Korean War was fear of bandwagoning. It was less important than fear of Communist expansion is because bandwagoning would not directly harm U.S. interests, but would impair the global political leadership of the United States. In the setting of post-World War II, the world was separated as two major political spheres, one Soviet-led and the other U.S.-led. The Korean Peninsula was one of the several places two the major political powers conflicting each other. Other than that, the political landscape in East Asia was towards Communist. In China, the Communist party led by Mao Zedong just won the civil war against Jiang Jieshi’s government supported by the United States. Countries like Vietnam and Laos inclined to join the family of Communist at that time, abd overthrow French colonists. Therefore, if Communist North Korea unified the Korean Peninsula, it would make countries like Vietnam and Laos align with the USSR without hesitati on. The United States was not willing to let that happen. According to historical documents, when the war just started, Truman and his advisors believed that to falter would forfeit world leadership because of bandwagoning and Communist expansion. Moreover, in official reports about Korea situation, concerns about Democratic power weakened if South Korea fell were raised often. In 1948’s report â€Å"Prospects for Survival of the Republic of Korea,† the result of South Korea lost to North Korea would constitute a severe blow to the prestige and influence of the United States. As a result, the defeat of South Korea would encourage more countries to align with the Soviet Union. The report was before the war, the United States already considered the bandwagoning a severe threat to UN’s influence in the world. From this perspective, in order to maintain the democratic as a stronger power in the world, the United States had strong interests in entering the Korean War. Consolidation for the Truman Administration The domestic political situation for the Truman Administration was not positive before the Korean War. In 1949, the Communists in China won the civil war against the Nationalists backed by the United States. It was painful that White House lost an important country, China, to Communism because the United States had invested tons of resources in the country, but in the end, the United States did not have the expected return. It stirred a debate of â€Å"Who lost China† in the United States. The public was more in favor of McCarthy’s opinion. McCarthyism indicated that losing China to communism was the government’s fault. Based on his analysis of the civil war in China, he believed â€Å"China hands† — China specialists at White House — plotted Jiang’s defeat, who was the top leader of the Nationalist. Therefore, at the time before the Korean War, the Truman Administration had a lot of pressure from the public due to losing China. If Sou th Korea was defeated by North Korea, the public would strengthen their belief that losing China was a government’s blunder. Hence, losing South Korea would be catastrophic to Truman’s presidency. From the view of domestic political situation, the United States entered the Korean War because the Truman Administration needed to prove its ability in protecting democratic power before losing all trust in the public. This point was less strong than the above two was because it was hard to collect evidence to support the point. Factors preventing the United States from entering the war War with China Entering the Korean War was likely to start a war with China, one of the greatest powers in the world. From the perspective of geography, the Korean Peninsula adjoins China. If a foreign military power of the United States was close to the border of China, China would feel threatened. The worry was validated after the United States joined in the war. On June 27th, 1950, after the Seventh Fleet of the United States was sent to neutralize Formosa, Mao, the chairman of China at that time vowed â€Å"Year after year unsure of when the enemy will attack us. We must repair the house before it rains.† Not a long time after the vow, Mao sent his army to the Korean Peninsula. Moreover, although China just ended its civil war and badly needed time to recover from the war, China was actively looking for a chance to consolidate its status in the world stage. In 1950, most countries in the world only recognized Republic of China led by Jiang and disputed the legitimacy of People’s Republic of China led by Mao. Therefore, Mao was eager to have a war with a strong world power to gain international recognition. The Korean War against the United States was a good opportunity for the communists to show the Mao’s China’s power to the world. For this reason, China was likely to enter the Korean War if U.S. intervened. Regarding the negative results of the war, people in the United States just gained peace; nobody would like to see a war between China and the United States. A war with China would lose many the United States soldiers, breakup thousands of American families and halt U.S. economy growth, hence lowering people’s living standards. Additionally, a war with China was also meaningless because at that time the United States did not want to defeat China, but defend South Korea. The war between China and the United States was predicable if the United States entered the Korean War. A war between China and the United states was undesirable for the reasons listed in this section. Therefore, a war with China was a big factor in not entering the Korean War. Start of World War III The entry into the Korean War might lead to World War III. A possible war with China might drag the Soviet Union into the war. If the Soviet Union entered the war against the United States, the Eastern Europe under control of the Soviet Union would also claim war against the United States. As a result, Western Europe would likely align with the United States to contain the Communist power in the world. People all around the world just tried to recover from the aftermath of World War II. If World War III happened right after World War II, the world would be in chaos again, creating another tragedy in human beings history. The big picture When the benefits outweigh the costs of a decision, one would put that decision into action. The three major benefits Unites States would have from entering the war were preventing domino effect of countries joining in Communist, constraining the ambitions of expansions/ invasions from Communist countries, and securing the domestic administration. The two major costs were an undesirable war with China and a possible start of World War III. It was hard to determine whether the benefits outweighed the costs. However, the listed costs were unavoidable if the United States did nothing in the Korean War. If the United States let South Korea fall, there would still be a war between Communist power and democratic power in the future. As analyzed in the section of fear of Communist expansion, Communist countries led by the Soviet Union inclined to expand their territories if their ambitions were not constrained. Therefore, appeasement to Communist countries was not going to stop them from behaving aggressively. Even though the United States would not participate in the Korean War, finally it was possible to be a day that the Soviet Union would eventually declare a war on the United States for further expansion. The costs would only become more significant than the costs of entering the war at that time. Hence, in order to prevent that from happening, the United States took the initiative to contain Communist power in the world. Additionally, human pride played a factor. Truman might recklessly enter the war in order to secure his status in White House. To him, protecting his reputation and his presidency might be much more important than starting World War III or fighting an undesired war with China. Hence, because of personal emotions, Truman would order the United States to enter the war. Conclusion There are three major reasons encouraging the United States to enter the Korean War. From the perspective of bandwagoning, defending South Korea could win credibility for democracy power and possibly win countries swaying between Communism and Democracy. In the view of the deterrence model, entering the war could constrain the ambition of imperialism of Communism countries. Considering the domestic political condition, intervention in the Korean Peninsula could make the public turn attention to the war instead of the administration’s failure in China and relieve the public pressure from the administration. On the other side, there were two important costs preventing the United States from entering the war. The first cost was an unnecessary war with China. The United States would not benefit directly from fighting against China and U.S. would consume numerous resources and human power in the war. The other cost was starting World War III. The Soviet Union could declare a war on Unites States if the condition in Korea got worse. U.S. decision to entry into the Korea War was made because of two logics. First, the costs were unavoidable if the United States just watched and did nothing in the war. Communist would continue to expand and finally encounter the United States for a war in the future. At that time, the cost would only exaggerate, not minimize. Second, Truman would more likely send U.S. troops to the war field. In order to secure his administration, he needed to turn the public attention away from China and prove his ability in foreign policy. The result of the war was peace between South Korea and North Korea. Judging from the result, U.S. entry into the war had a positive impact on the peninsula. However, whether the peace in the Korean Peninsula could be achieved through other ways at lower cost is worth further discussion.

Genetically modified food Essay

War, famine, disease, hate, overpopulation; these are all constant struggles that humanity must face every day. How to address these problems so that the world will be able to continue in a stable, productive way is constantly on the minds of scientist, politicians, peacekeepers and the everyday person. The issue I’m choosing to discuss is starvation. With our population ever increasing, how are we going to provide billions of people the proper nutrition? Do we continue using the farming traditions of the past, or do we look to technological advancements and genetic modification for the answers? With technology ever changing, our knowledge of genetics is growing and all the while farmland shrinking. When farmers are producing less harvest per year and having to use more and more pesticides to keep their crops alive, exploring the possibilities of genetic modification (GM) within food is a wise choice. In fact, I’d say it was the way of the future. GM foods have several benefits and in many ways are better and more efficient than sustainable agriculture crops. Scientists have been studying agricultural biotechnology for decades, looking for the best ways to advance our lives. It involves many complex procedures such as moving key genes from one organism to another, crosspollination and selective breeding of plants. These and other processes create beneficial traits within the plant species that allow it to grow and survive better than standard, farm grown produce. Some plants have become resistant to disease and can actually repel potentially devastating insects; this removes the necessity for pesticides. Sustainable agriculture is the other proposed solution to solving the world’s food crisis. Sustainable agriculturists believe that with proper irrigation methods, natural fertilizers and insecticides crops of equal yield can be produced, matching that of bioengineered foods. GM food products are already a part of our every day life. â€Å"Recent estimates show that 60-70% of foods in the U. S. markets contain GE ingredients, meaning they contain at least a small quantity of some crop that has been genetically engineered. (Genetically Modified Food & Human Health). † As our knowledge grows and technology advances they will only become more integrated into our society. Biotechnology has the possibility to remove harmful allergens by altering the plant’s protein structure. â€Å"†¦ Genetic modification can be used to remove or change proteins that are known allergens in plant foods such as the soybean. Recent research has demonstrated that a particular protein causing soybean allergies can be eliminated by modern biotechnology. (Genetically Modified Food & Human Health). † â€Å"†¦ Vast areas of irrigated land have become waterlogged. Chemical fertilizers have run off into rivers and lakes causing ugly, slimy blooms of algae. Crop diseases such as late blight in potatoes, the virulent fungus responsible for the Irish famine, appear to be spreading again†¦ (Will the World Starve? : Feast and Famine)† These are only some of the effects from poor attempts at sustainable agriculture. As afore mentioned, with GM, crops can be made resistant to disease, able to grow faster and stronger, and without the need of harmful chemical fertilizers or pesticides (Will the World Starve? : Feast and Famine). As our population grows exponentially and our farmable land is continuously being reduced we need to find a solution that takes up less space while at the same time providing quality food in the amounts required. Less farmland is available due to commercialization and soil nutrient atrophy. This doesn’t mean that other plots couldn’t be converted into farmland. â€Å"Farm acreage could increase by 10% over the next 40 years†¦ †¦ In many cases it would mean destroying forests or other sensitive habitats†¦ (Will the World Starve? : Feast and Famine). † Protagonists of sustainable agriculture argue that GM foods are unhealthy, unsafe to eat and may have adverse effects in the future. They say that the problem isn’t a lack of food, it’s the poor countries inability to afford the necessary provisions. They also say that, â€Å"If done properly†¦ † sustainable agriculture will be sufficient enough. In response, â€Å"Currently, genetically modified foods on the market are considered safe to eat and no adverse effects have been reported since their introduction in 1995 (Genetically Modified Food & Human Health). † In the short term, GM research will be expensive and costs will need to be recouped from the consumer, but in the long run food will last longer, be more nutritious and cost less to grow greater yields. Once we are able to make this technology available to third world countries at an affordable rate they will be able to prosper more rapidly than if they were to keep using the old sustainable agriculture methods. The process of sustainable agriculture requires a large amount of land and skilled farmers and laborers. If done improperly the land will quickly loose its ability to sustain life. This would require farmers to have much more education in the areas of irrigation, natural pesticides and herbicides, as well as increased research on global climate conditions and the future of these necessities. Why require all this ever-changing knowledge and research when we can create a nutritional plant that is doesn’t require these processes and is immune to natural hazards? In the long run, this would seem the better decision. Though we are still in the early stages of genetic modification, I believe that this is a science with unlimited possibilities which will inevitably benefit mankind in many ways. Discovering and learning about new processes takes time, funding, caution and diligence. The art of farming has been around for centuries and the process has worked in the past, but now today’s society has different necessities and newer knowledge. The past is just that, the past. It’s now time to meet the future.

Rawaa Alhousari (AutoRecovered) (AutoRecovered) Essays - Diets

Rawaa Alhousari (AutoRecovered) (AutoRecovered) Essays - Diets Rawaa Alhousari ESL 151 Research paper 5/18/17 Is low carb-diet healthier than low fat-diet? "take care of your body. It's the only place you have to live," by jim rhon "Change your mind to change your body," it is a quote which summarize the one and only way to be healthy. I f you have ever tried to lose weight, you have probably gotten drawn into the argument over whether it is better to cut carbs or fat from your diet. Low-fat diet higher in carbohydrate and restricted in fat such as grain starchy vegetables and fruit . On the other hand, l ow-carb diet emphasizes foods high in protein and fat and limits carbohydrate . In order t o have a successful diet, you need to understand how food and nutrition effect your body. Cutting fat from your food, has been for a long time the best and healthy way for healthy heart and l oss weight. Even though most nutritionist and dietitians recommend low-fat diet for their patients , recent studies show that low-carb diets have much more beneficial effects in the body such as lose weight, store energy, and stay healthy. Kevin Hall at the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases argues that increase fat in the body will cause all kind of health problem, especially heart disease as well as obesity. He says, "That theory, as it stands - that very stron g claim - is certainly not true " (online, qtd. In "you don't need). He thinks that this increase of fat in the body will absolutely lead to chronic diseases. An article in LA Times by Axel F. Sigurdsson "[ a diet] contain high amount of saturated fat and cholesterol may cause unfavorable changes in blood lipids and thereby incr ease the risk of heart diseases " (print) . It is true that low-carb diet insists to eat a lot of fat which it as kno wn can cause chronic diseases. H owever, it reduces the production of insulin which increase burning fat. In addition, low-carb diet lower blood Triglyc erides and the LDL cholesterol which is bad and raised the HD L cholesterol which is good . Other research finds that diets rich in protein can help fighting some common diseases. A 2012 study published in The American Journal of Epidemiology showed that low-carb diet help reduce the risk of metabolic syndrome and heart disease (Dr. Axe) . The study found that both low-carb and low-fat diets improved metabolic risk factor. However, people who on low-carb diet experience an increase in HDL cholesterol and decrease the triglycerides. In fact, this study proved that such a diet higher in fat can beat heart diseases as same as diets lowered in fat. Type-2- diabetes Furthermore, low-carb diet lower the risk of Type-2 Diabetes. A 2005 study published in The Upsala Journal of Medical Science showed a significant effect on the glucose level in the people who followed low-carb diet (Dr. Axe) Cancer obesity, osteoporosis, and diabetes. The two main reasons why low-carb diets are so effective for weight lose are the high protein content and low level insulin. A Johns Hopkins University study found that a diet rich of protein can reduce blood pressure, LDL cholesterol levels, and triglycerides better than a traditional higher-carb diet. In addition, it's obviously that protein can re duce appetite . Thus, it leads to reduction in calorie intake. By Cutting carb, body's insulin , hormone that regulates blood sugar level and stores energy, d rop down, and that is essential in order to burn fat. Because of the reduction in water weight for those who follow low-carb diet, people tend to lose more weight. There are two reasons behind that. Fist, the insulin level goes down which cause the kidneys to release some sodium along with water. Second, the glycogen stores in the muscle and liver goes down along with the water they are holding on. S ome might use this as an argument against low-carb diet. However, reduced water weight should be consider ed an advantage. Some studies that compared low-carb and low-fat showed that people who followed the low-carb diet lost more of the body fat,

Free Essays on Widowhood

Widowhood can occur anytime a married couple’s life. However, it is more so for the man to die first than the woman in their later years of life. According to the text, men die an average of 8 years earlier than women and there are 4.4 widows for every one widower. But, in this article, we explain the differences of men and women that learn to cope with their loss. Also this article provided research based on older adults that help analyze the relationships each couple had during a certain period. This 1987 research did a survey of 1,532 married men and women age 65 and older. â€Å"Over the years, the researchers have monitored the deaths of participants and followed up with interviews of the surviving spouses at six months, 18 months, and four years after their losses.† They also re-interviewed married couples who hadn’t lost their partners, and then they matched these married couples with the widows and widowers on different variables such as income, education, and health. In conclusion of this study, they have found that the closer the marital relationship was the more depressed men and women were likely to be after their partners have died. Those who survived were better off economically, was measured as by the home ownership, â€Å"were likely to be more depressed than peers who lived in apartments or retirement communities.† Women in this study that were highly dependent on their husbands for certain tasks such as financial management and home repairs were at higher risk for the grief as widows. Also women have a sudden death shock when it comes to death because they think that women are used to the role of caregivers and don’t find it stressful as men if it was after a certain amount of time. As for men, they handle their wives deaths if they are quick and unexpected. Furthermore, men and women regularly have different types of relationships. â€Å"Women may have friends to turn to for support during the long and drawn-out ... Free Essays on Widowhood Free Essays on Widowhood Widowhood can occur anytime a married couple’s life. However, it is more so for the man to die first than the woman in their later years of life. According to the text, men die an average of 8 years earlier than women and there are 4.4 widows for every one widower. But, in this article, we explain the differences of men and women that learn to cope with their loss. Also this article provided research based on older adults that help analyze the relationships each couple had during a certain period. This 1987 research did a survey of 1,532 married men and women age 65 and older. â€Å"Over the years, the researchers have monitored the deaths of participants and followed up with interviews of the surviving spouses at six months, 18 months, and four years after their losses.† They also re-interviewed married couples who hadn’t lost their partners, and then they matched these married couples with the widows and widowers on different variables such as income, education, and health. In conclusion of this study, they have found that the closer the marital relationship was the more depressed men and women were likely to be after their partners have died. Those who survived were better off economically, was measured as by the home ownership, â€Å"were likely to be more depressed than peers who lived in apartments or retirement communities.† Women in this study that were highly dependent on their husbands for certain tasks such as financial management and home repairs were at higher risk for the grief as widows. Also women have a sudden death shock when it comes to death because they think that women are used to the role of caregivers and don’t find it stressful as men if it was after a certain amount of time. As for men, they handle their wives deaths if they are quick and unexpected. Furthermore, men and women regularly have different types of relationships. â€Å"Women may have friends to turn to for support during the long and drawn-out ...

Learn how to write a perfect paper

Learn how to write a perfect paper Little Known Ways to Write a Perfect Paper There may not really be such a thing as the â€Å"perfect paper,† but if you can write one and get an â€Å"A,† that is pretty darn close. Most professors do not give â€Å"A’s,† unless a paper is truly superior, especially when compared to the others that have been submitted. Most students, including you, know the process for writing paper assignments – choosing a topic, coming up with a thesis (the point you are making), doing the research, making an outline, writing the rough draft, getting all of the citations in, revising, and writing the final draft. All of these steps are absolutely necessary if your paper is to have sound structure and read well. The other really important part of producing an â€Å"A† paper is the ability to write well – to use proper sentence structure, grammar and punctuation, as well as style and vocabulary that is appropriate for your academic level. Now, here are some things you may not have thought of that will improve the chances for an â€Å"A,† and chances are teacher or professor ever gave you these â€Å"specific† pointers. Talk to your professor about your topic. Chances are, you will have a content field from you can choose options for writing a paper. And chances are, your professor has given a range of pages, perhaps 8-10. Once you have decided on your topic, email your professor, or better, stop by during his/her office hours and get his/her thoughts on your chosen topic. If that topic is too broad or too narrow, s/he will tell you so and perhaps make suggestions for refining it further. You have accomplished two things here: 1) your professor is a bit flattered that you have come to seek advice, and 2) you have refined your topic to meet his/her length requirements. You have also saved yourself the grief that can come from choosing a topic that is too broad and having too much written on it, or, worse, choosing one that is too narrow and not being able to find enough resources to meet the minimum page length. Don’t choose your thesis until you have completed your research. You may already have one in mind, and that is fine, but once you have finished the research, one of two things may have happened: 1) you may find a thesis that works better for the topic and/or 2) you may have changed your perspective on your original thoughts and now have a much better thesis with which to work. Don’t forget, you get a thesis by asking very specific questions: Why is this topic even important? If there are differing opinions, which ones do I find most valid and with which one do I agree most Which theses are other authors using on the topic, and will one of them work as a thesis for me? Sometimes re-wording the thesis of a respected authority on a subject, as long as you agree with it, works really well. Organizing your research into sub-topics can be a laborious, because you have to match stuff from several authors on each sub-topic. The traditional method has always been to use note cards and to use a different notecard from each author for each sub-topic addressed (and to be certain that the information for in-text citations is on that card).   You then compose your outline from the stacks of cards you have collated. Here are two other approaches that some students find more helpful: Once you have finished the research, sit back and think about the major points that most or all of the authors made. These then become your sub-topics. What you can then do is this: Put each sub-topic into a separate Word document, and then go through your notes, topic by topic and insert the information you intend to use with the citation information with it into each of the related Word documents. Print those out, and use those instead of an outline. If you have read one piece of research in which sub-topics have been extremely well organized and include all of the sub-topics you actually want to include, then by all means, model your sub-topics after those of that author. You do not have to â€Å"re-invent a wheel† that someone else has already invented! No professor will ever suggest that you do this, but it is a great option, as long as you do not plagiarize. Paper writing requires good command of the English language and the ability to translate information, concepts and thoughts into scholarly writing. If you have difficulty with this, you have several options: Go to your campus writing lab and get some help. This is a feasible solution if you have the time and if someone is available to really help you with paragraph and sentence structure, as well as grammar. You can write your rough draft and take it in for editing and polishing. Write your rough draft and find a friend who is a really good writer. S/he may have time to review and edit for you. Consider using a custom writing paper service that is able to provide all levels of help, from editing and proofreading your rough draft to actually producing an original, custom paper for you. There is no huge mystique about writing a great paper. It takes commitment and hard work. Using a few of these tips, however, may â€Å"ease your pain† somewhat.

Macroeconomics vs. microeconomics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Macroeconomics vs. microeconomics - Essay Example Macroeconomics uses the general equilibrium theory to study the economy as a whole. The aggregates used by macroeconomics for the study include national income as well as output, the rate of unemployment and inflation level. It also uses some sub aggregates like spending on consumptions and investments and their components. Macroeconomics also examines the effect of fiscal and monetary policy. It can be characterized as modeling of sectors on the basis of some micro components. The factors that have the potential to affect the long term growth prospects as well as can affect the level of national income is not outside the purview of macroeconomic analysis. The factors that have such kind of potential include changes in technology, capital accumulation and growth of the labor force (Cencini, 2005, p. 2). The models of macroeconomics and the forecasted results determined using those models is in need for the government as well as for the large ownerships as this kind of analysis will h elp them in their path of development and build new strategies of business. Some of the famous macroeconomic models include Aggregate demand and the aggregate supply model and the ISLM model. The once divided fields of monetary policy and the business cycles led to the emergence of macroeconomics. The contribution of J.M. Keynes to macroeconomics cannot be ignored. His book â€Å"General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money† depicts the key concepts of macroeconomics. He offered a modern theory of economics which dealt with the problem on why the market is not clear and eventually a school of economists evolved who seemed to follow the Keynesian theory (Andolfatto, 2005, p. 2). Microeconomics It deals with the behavior of the basic elements within the economy. The agents involved in microeconomics include households and firms. It mainly tries to analyze the behavior of the firms and households with the market (Barro, 1997, p. 3). Microeconomics can be defined as the study of economics that analyses the actions of the individual players and structure of the markets where they operate. Microeconomics takes care of the private, domestic as well as the public players. The study relating to the interaction of these players in the market is called microeconomics. The various structures of market that is examined in microeconomics include perfect competition, monopoly, and monopolistic competition. Production is defined under microeconomics as inputs into outputs. Production can thus be defined as the flow of output over a period of time. The most directly observable attributes under microeconomics are price and quantity. The coordination or the relationship of price with quantity demanded is explained using the law of demand (Dilts, 2004). The law of demand is applied in microeconomics to determine the price and output in a market structure of perfect competition where no sellers or the buyers have the capability to determine or control the market price. Microeconomic analysis is applied by the business firms as they involve themselves in quantitative research and statistical methods with the aim to make strategic decisions. One of the objectives of microeconomics is to analyze the mechanisms of market. It sets up the relative prices amongst the services and the goods and also allocates the limited resources among the many available alternative uses. Some of the significant fields of study under this branch of economics include asymmetric information, general

Do managers take decisions for the good of the organisation or do they Essay

Do managers take decisions for the good of the organisation or do they behave the way they do for other reasons - Essay Example In the process of evolution, it is highly likely that the business developed from a one man enterprise or family business to a partnership, then to a public limited or private limited company. Ultimately it branched out from a local to regional and regional to international undertaking. It is highly probable, even inevitable, that the evolution and change in outside form also bring about changes in the internal handling of business decisions and operational practices. This becomes necessary as the tasks of managing the different aspects of the business become too complex and heavy for one man or a number of partners to manage alone. Ultimately as the business expands, it has to reinvent itself as a model of modern business enterprise. This will invariably involve the assignment or scheduling of tasks to professionally hired managers, with expertise in production techniques, Human Resources, marketing and sales, finance and accounting etc. Each departmental head becomes a prized resou rce, responsible for meeting his departments and workers goals and assignments. Authority and responsibility become interlinked, but seldom has it been seen that the upper management is taken to task for targets not achieved or a failed project. Rather, more often than not it is the middle and lower management and supervisors/ workers that are made to bear the brunt of the axe and the shame associated with it. This state of affairs often makes one stop and think- do managers take decisions for the good of the organization or do they behave the way they do for other reasons? This paper will argue that the interests of the organization are not always uppermost in the minds of the managers, rather, as they gain and wield power- managers tend to collude with each other for their own collective benefit, while in many cases insisting that failure was because of the ineptitude of people on the lower rungs of the ladder. I would rather state that managers keep their own interests uppermost in their mind at every turn. They are interested in their own survival, going as close to the top as they can, and toppling others who they consider as competition. The lower management or their subordinates are just pawns in the game (Rosen, 1988). The Evolution of the Modern Business Enterprise If we look at the evolution of a modern business, we see that it is quite likely to have its beginnings as a sole proprietorship or family business, in which every family member has a share of responsibilities. Or it could have started as a partnership, where two or more partners pooled together their skills, resources and business acumen to offer products and services to the general populace or those that needed their wares. The disadvantage here was that of unlimited liability, or cases where even their personal property could be attached to repay debts if the business failed. In time this led to the evolution of the corporate form of business ownership. As the Industrial Revolution swept through Europe and the Americas, investment was needed from both public and private sources to raise capital for infrastructure and the laying of railroads, transport and communication, factories and warehouses. The beginning of assembly line production at the Ford Motor Company meant that things could now be mass produced after breaking down the process into a series of steps. Then F.W.

The Current State of the Post-Recession Global Economy Research Paper

The Current State of the Post-Recession Global Economy - Research Paper Example Additionally, there is always a shift in supply and demand. The needs of nations and individual differ making it complex to preserve the steadiness of the economy. An ideal situation can never exist in the world economy making recession inevitable. Consequently, the recession that took place in 2008 was expected. Recession has significantly influenced the global economy as apparent in trade, unemployment and relationship amid countries. The current state of the global economy after recession According to Foroohar & Schneiderman (2010), recession refers to a situation when the economy has experienced inflation for quite a long period. Recession affected most nations in the Western hemisphere in 2008. Before the recession began, Japan and the US were controlling most part of the global economy. Consequently, countries in the West were experiencing a boom in the property market. The rates of unemployment were at the lowest level for a long period, and banks were charging lower interest rates for loans. The decrease in lending rates contributed to the increase in investments. However, the gains came to a halt after the recession in 2009. Presently, the United States and Japan have limited control on the activities taking place in the global market. The two countries no longer influence trade directly because they are facing competition from China. The influence they had has shifted to countries like China, Brazil and South Korea. However, the US is still the global economic powerhouse. According to Avantika (2011), countries like India and Brazil are beginning to exert their influence on trade globally. As a result, growth is on the decline in Japan and America. This is making investors shift their plans by investing in developing economies. It is clear that Malaysia and Singapore are formulating innovations to counter the dynamics of trade. Concurrently, the US in coming up with policies to correct the decline of their economies. Consequently, the recent president ial debate in America focused on measures for reviving the global economy. According to Avantika (2011), there is stagnation in the growth of the economy of China at 7 per cent. This is a decline from the double-digit growth realized in the same time last year. This is an indication that the global economy is unpredictable. Schaeffer (2009) adds that uncertainties in the global economy have made nations readjust their plans. For instance, South Korea is deploying their resources towards energy production to avert the energy crisis. This is because most of the economic activities in the global economy are dependent on fossil fuels. Developing economies in Asia are opting to trade with African countries. This is affects global trade by reducing the demand of commodities from developed economies. Indeed, African nations have increased their demand for products from the markets in Asia. Besides, China is encouraging domestic consumption to reduce their dependency on exports. Moreover, C hina has reformed their pension scheme to cater for the needs of the middle-class citizen who constitute the majority in the populace. According to Neumark & Troske (2012), it is necessary to review trade policies for economies of Asian countries. New policies will bring changes in the healthcare and the education sector in developing eco

SUMMARY Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

SUMMARY - Article Example Opinions may also be contradictory such as those on needs for high-quality social services and lower tax is an example. Public opinions may call for better quality of care but oppose tax increment that is necessary for the improvements. Misinformation is another limitation to governance by public opinion. People either lack facts on issues of moderate facts to suit their values and beliefs and these misinform opinions. Another factor to misinformation is lack of attention to available information. A significant percentage of American students, for example, do not know popular facts as British prime minister. Public opinion may however be valid without knowledge but knowledge of consequences is important. The author concludes by arguing that being informed is a necessity for better ability to solve problems and influence developments in the society. He notes availability of sources of information and advocates for dedication of time to these sources for informed public

Reflection paper Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Reflection paper - Assignment Example Besides, written English contains many punctuation errors especially in the use of a full stop, comma and semicolon. With respect to this, I understood that long sentences not only confuse the reader by the wordy content, but it also a challenge in marking the best punctuations. As simple as spoken English seems to be, working with articles was one of my greatest challenges in the written form. Through the support of my instructor and class tutorials, I learnt that the article â€Å"THE† is appropriate in front of a noun familiar to the reader. Whereas, A /AN can only be used by countable nouns. That is to say nouns with justifiable plurals. More interestingly, I pointed out that THE article is applicable in dynamic situations alters sentence fragment to give a different meaning. Consequently, as an ESL student, grammar was my serious challenge, as illustrated by our English instructor ‘no one can perfect his grammar unless through consistent

Market research Assignment Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Market Assignment - Research Paper Example Energy drinks are products that became popular in the year 2000 and their popularity kept on increasing since then. These products are really suited for those individuals who have to work at night hours or have a hectic nature of work on their shoulder. The launch of a 12 hour energy drink would be considered a market leader product in a market where the current offering is only a 5 or a 6 hour version of the energy drink. As it is considered to be newer version of the product in the existing market, it would be really beneficial if a market research is conducted to analyze whether the product will succeed in the market or not. As the company in question lacks the budget to conduct a survey or the focus group research analysis, the only option left would be to use public information on the energy drink market that would help in identifying the target markets for such an energy drink. On the basis of the information and the current buying behaviors of individuals, it seems obvious tha t the target market for a 12 hour energy drink would be the age group of 16 to 30 years old. The recent trend of advertising for the energy drinks currently focus on the young generation of such age group. This age group is can further be divided into athletes, gamers, party lovers and workaholics. Now it would be really difficult to target all these different target groups with a uniform/similar product but since the product brings an extension to the time period i.e. 12 hour version, it may be possible that it can serve all the different target groups with a uniform product i.e. similar product, packaging, etc. By identifying the target market, a segment of the market would be identified. This market segmentation would help in reduced marketing costs for the company. For a successful market segmentation and target market, proper consumer data would be analyzed with respect to the energy drinks. Using the public information, both quantitative and qualitative would be analyzed. Quan titative data would include such as age group, the age group of 16 to 30 years old would be the perfect market as far as the age group is concerned for the 12 hour Power O energy drink. The income factor would not be much of a concern as far as the target market is concerned, the prices of such energy drinks are cheap and these can be easily bought by the target age groups. As far as the qualitative data is concerned, there would be no effect based upon the education of that particular target market. The occupation of the target market may come into question with regards to the occupation. People working at night hours are deemed to be fond of energy drinks, hence a 12 hour Power O energy drinks would really help them. The only question that would really matter would be the fact that such 12 hour energy drink would have ingredients that might have negative effects on the users. Such 12 hour energy drink would have heavy amount of caffeine that can be considered to have negative and harmful effects on the users of such energy drinks. Hence at the target age range of 16-30, it could be excessively harmful and it can create legal restrictions on the sale of such energy drinks (as is the case in Norway and Iceland where under 16 sales is prohibited) because of the increased amount of caffeine

Reflection paper Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Reflection paper - Assignment Example Besides, written English contains many punctuation errors especially in the use of a full stop, comma and semicolon. With respect to this, I understood that long sentences not only confuse the reader by the wordy content, but it also a challenge in marking the best punctuations. As simple as spoken English seems to be, working with articles was one of my greatest challenges in the written form. Through the support of my instructor and class tutorials, I learnt that the article â€Å"THE† is appropriate in front of a noun familiar to the reader. Whereas, A /AN can only be used by countable nouns. That is to say nouns with justifiable plurals. More interestingly, I pointed out that THE article is applicable in dynamic situations alters sentence fragment to give a different meaning. Consequently, as an ESL student, grammar was my serious challenge, as illustrated by our English instructor ‘no one can perfect his grammar unless through consistent

Analyze the Pros and Cons of the use of CHIP Research Paper

Analyze the Pros and Cons of the use of CHIP - Research Paper Example The chip is approximately 2 mm in size and it consists of essential information in the form of codes which can be decoded through special devices (Foster 2007). The chip truly represents a form of invention which can prove to be beneficial for the medical field but many objections have been raised with regard to the usage of these chips. The chip is known to have many benefits but there are many disadvantages of this technology as well. The utilization of computerized chips for humans was approved in the United States in the year 2004 by the Food and Drug Administration. The only chip which is allowed to be used in the country is the VeriChip manufactured by the Applied Digital Solutions of Delray Beach, Fla. The chip is introduced in the human body mainly in the arm through a technique which is accomplished in merely 20 minutes and is not very invasive. The chip can be detected at a range of 30 feet. A few health insurance companies have started the provision of these chips for pati ents who have serious illnesses. Though this technology has been new to the field of human medicine, it has been a part of the veterinary practice and it has been implanted in animals for over the past 2 decades. These chips were inserted in animals and it has been analyzed that one million animals in the United States have these chips inserted (Ahuja 2006; Associated Press 2004). The chips can prove to have many advantages to the field of medicine. It has been highlighted that chips will reduce the burden of the paper work that is required for keeping medical records. The insertion of the chips will keep the data of the patients stored for extended periods which may be retrieved whenever needed. Information that the patient may tend to forget may also be revealed through these chips. The maximum benefit of these chips may be for people who enter the hospitals in unconscious states and are not able to reveal essential medical information. This may be retrieved directly through the m edical chips and they can be treated according to their physical health. This would lead to avoid major complications which may result otherwise. It can also be very helpful for patients with illness like Alzheimer’s disease (Associated Press 2007; Foster 2007). The chips have been advocated for by many medical experts but many negative issues with regard to these chips have been revealed. It has been highlighted that the usage of chips has been connected to the causation of cancer. This has been revealed in a few animal studies. This raised questions with regard to the chips and it was seen that these chips might bring more harm to people than benefits. But this point was argued against by a few experts who believed that this risk was higher in animals but humans were not at risk (Feder 2007). Other disadvantages of the chips have also been highlighted. This includes the fact that the chips can serve to be intruders of the privacy of the individuals and there have been quest ions that these chips may tend to reveal personal information of individuals and hence deviate from their true purpose. The chips are also expensive and range to an amount of 150 to 200 dollars which may not be affordable for every person. Another disadvantage is that the codes on the chips may be decoded by hackers who may disrupt the personal information and medical information stored on the chips. They may gain access to personal informat

Attitudes and Behaviors Essay Example for Free

Attitudes and Behaviors Essay So let’s start by saying that attitudes have two main components those happen to be beliefs and values. Beliefs are statements while values are judgments. When it comes to persuasion a person might have their own attitude and have it rub off so to speak onto another person or several other people. We tend to use this on a daily basis for things that we want whether that be for ourselves or from other people. When it comes to conformity many individuals will change their behaviors to fit in with other people that they involve themselves with. This could potentially mean that you could lose your own identity and become someone completely different from whom you truly are. When it comes to bias we are all wired to have judgments and prejudice many times people will use this judgment and have a set attitude on people, places and things. Only people can change their behaviors. Psychologists define attitudes as a learned tendency to view things in certain ways. This can include people. Places, issues and events that occur in a person’s life. Attitudes form from the experiences that you go through, they could direct from personal experiences or from the observation of other individuals. Attitudes can be learned in several different ways. Classical conditioning can impact your attitude to different products. Operant conditioning can also help in how attitudes are developed. When someone you like has a different attitude your attitude more than likely will change to be the same as the other individual. Researchers have come to the belief and conclusion that people behave according to their attitudes under a lot of circumstances. Cognitive dissonance is when an individual experiences, psychological stress caused by conflicts from thoughts and beliefs in a person’s everyday life whether that be from work, relationships, money problems. In order to gain back control people often change their attitudes based on actual behaviors. Attitudes can change just like people can. You can turn your thought process around just  like you can with many other things. Classical conditioning can create positive emotional reactions. Operant conditioning can be used to strengthen attitudes and behaviors that you are lacking or that are weak. People can also see how negative people act and decide that they don’t want to be that way and that can drastically change a person’s mind on how they think. Life events such as death, sickness, relationship loses and other important things can make a person realize what they have and what they need to be grateful for but also can help them understand their thought patterns were incorrect and that they need to change that in order to have a better life for not only themselves but the people that they associate themselves with. The theory of persuasion says that people can alter their personal attitudes in two ways. They can be motivated to listen and to think about what is being said to them which can make them open up to different ideas and thoughts or they could simply be influenced by good positive people that they are around on a daily basis. In order to change a individual s behavior you must change your thought process completely. http://www.examiner.com/article/bias-attitude-and-prejudice http://www.cios.org/encyclopedia/persuasion/Aintroduction_4nature.htm http://psychology.about.com/od/socialinfluence/f/conformity.htm

International Business Environment

International Business Environment 1. International business environment Book0)Business mean to busy in an activity, which are related to money almost business have 50% chances of profit and losses.(Morrison, j. 2002)Business is operated in every part of the world. As the business grow. It is looking for new opportunities across the border. International business is the term use for the operation and objective of the organisation that have interest in other countries. For example Tesco, Ford, General Motor, McDonald, Disney, so many other companies. These companies have key interest to standardise their product for general acceptance. The international business becomes more complex. Tie between the different societies and organisations. (Meldrum, D.H) as businesses inter into new market it chances of 50% losses increases. Due to different in economic, political, cultural structure, policies, geography and currencies. These factor decreases profit ratio of international investment. There are no specific criteria to measure such in-stability. Every investor used their own method and measure. Uncertain condition of country make easy for international business to design their own stability criteria. (Considering risk in international business) Business has no idea about the local risk. Its difficult to operate and manage in such condition where the Culture, Social, Economic, Political, and legal structure are not stable. In such cause the international business need to take all the measurement either it`s Commercial, Culture, Social. Political or legal instability before enter into new market or country. 2. International business (McCulloch, C.1999)International business is started as with the formation of first national borders. Greek started such activity before the Christ follow by the British in 1600 when they establish the East India Company throughout the Asian as trading firm. With passage of time international business is started all over the world especially in United State. (Czinkota et al., 1999) The international business brings countries together. It makes the world as global village. It exchanges the ideas, information, service, and capital across the countrys borders. This results in best used of human capital increases employee opportunity. Equal growth of wealth, price stability, availabilities of goods and services to each and every one. It bring new environment of friendship, development, stability, prosperity, innovation and technology in the world. Due to the international business same kind of product are used throughout the world. For example ford, Toyota, Honda, and McDonald, KFC, burg er king, and so many other things which are use worldwide. International business brings globalisation in the production. For example dell computer it different part are produced in different countries, assemble these parts in another and sell it in yet other countries. 3. Definition of international business (Book4) â€Å"The commercial activities crossed national borders. It involved the international movement of good, capital, services, employees and technology; importing and exporting; cross-border transactions in intellectual property (patents, trademarks, know-how, copyright materials, etc) via licensing franchising and management contracts.† Book3 ) â€Å"the transaction done by individual or organisation cross the countries. To satisfied the objective by mean of export, import and foreign direct investment. And it carried out in wholly owned, joint venture, licensing, franchising and management contracts† 4. Problems of international business Book4) International business experiences some difficulties when they operate in other countries. International businesses have to deal under the local rules and regulation. Have to use foreign languages. Difficult to get information about foreign countries. Deal in foreign currency. The exchange rate may be varied. When deal in other countries their culture and social value must be taken in account. The risk factor is high in foreign countries include political, commercial, and financial. Communication and control of international business is difficult. Difficult to absorb the demand of the international market. Most of time is waste in research and survey of the local market trends. 5. Meaning of stability J1) Stability is very important for the human life. Without it there will be no â€Å"culture† no â€Å"organisation† and no â€Å"society†. (dictionary) According to oxford`s dictionary. â€Å"Resistance to change, deterioration or displacement†. Stability is a ship in the sea which maintain its upright position either the condition is. Stability maintain for long period of time and it resist to all the changes that happen in the surrounding. According to Aldous Huxley`s â€Å"the stability is way of life. And life Moto is community, identity and stability.† if we come to the countries stability it has great impact on all walks of life. J4) without the stability the country well be in depression. And their well be no social security, health care, education, defence, infrastructure, law and protective services, low GDP, GNI, AND PPP (Purchasing, Power, and Parity ), price fluctuation, un-stable exchange rate, high rate of taxes, no leadership, no culture values, no innovation, no technology, financial position of the countries will be week, and have no capital market. Such condition is not considerable for the international business. Business development and prosperity are depending on the local and national conditions.bbok1) for example both South and North Korea. South Korea living standard is 10 times bette r then North Korea. GDP of 46.4m compare to 22 m GDP of North Korea. This big different is only because of stability of the both countries. North Korea tries to attract the foreign investment but â€Å"poor infrastructure, un-reliable power supply, poor transportation and unstable military condition† are the big barriers for the foreign investor. On the other hand South Korea has stable political, economic, legal environment, and stable infrastructure. Which cause of attraction for the international business and South Korea main stream business are Daewoo, Hyundai, and LG. These are the internationals brands. 6. Instability of the countries J9)Different business made their own criteria to measure country in-stability but mostly the factor involved in country in-stability is closely related to each other. Political instability Economical instability Cultural instability Legal instability Financial instability Location and neighbourhood 6.1 Political instability Book3)Political stability play an important role in the stability of the country. Due to political stability international business are attracted to invest in the country, despite their location, weather, and natural resources availability. Boo4) politics is define as â€Å"the direction and administration of state† â€Å"government† and â€Å"the control of aggregate social relationship† Bbok5)However, political instability is a great risk for the international business. Usually these are three risks. Ownership risk, in some causes the ownership of the international business is shifted to the host country without any compensation to international business through confiscation or expropriation. Operation risk, international business faces such situation. Due to the security, change of law and government, terrorism, arm conflict, civil war, tax regulation, and so on. Transfer risk, transfer of money from one country to another, in which the government rules are involved, high exchange rate, and tax on transfer of money. J5)Political instability rise due to continuous change in government, and law, nationalism corruption in the government officer. Example is Pakistan where the government change regularly. this create security risk, inflation and high corruption. Terrorism, internal is external war (arm conflict), kidnapping, example Afghanistan, Pakistan Iraq, and Serra. Jouranl2 according to Gupta (1990) he use ten elements to explain the political in-stabilities. â€Å"Number of political demonstrations† â€Å"Number of riots† â€Å" Number of death (assassinations)† â€Å"Armed attack events† â€Å"Political executions† â€Å"Number of death from political violence† â€Å"Occurrence of successful coups dà ©tat† â€Å"Occurrence of un-successful coups dà ©tat† â€Å"Number of strikes† and â€Å"Nature of government† democracy or dictatorship. Bo5)Political fluctuation has bad impact on international business. In such condition international business before inter into new political environment need to get all information. Need to make such analysis. Government of the country in the political party hand (democracy). Or it power in the hands of one person (dictatorship). The countries have free market or the government control it. Is government encouraging the international business to invest in local market to achieve the economic goals? Who are the customers and competitors of the international business private or public sector? Is Policy making of the country is according to law? Is the change of government the economic policies well change or remains same? B4)Political in-stability affect all kind of business even it home or foreign. To make decision about the future investment in foreign country information about the country political condition are collected from the following sources. Personal visit to country get information from local business. Bank, stock market and international credit control agencies. And from local news. Get information from the country embassy. And from locals who have expert knowledge about the country situation. International chamber of commerce is one of the best sources of information. From the minister of the home country. Get export opinion from the local people who are specialist in a particular field. 6.2 Economic instability Book1)Countries are considered stable if they have high national income. Price stability, high capacity of production of products and services, high employment rates with technological innovation and high investment. And the indicator of the economic growth high rate of GDP affects the high standard of living, heath and capital investment. These factors are very important for international business to invest in such economy. Government and economics are interrelated with each other. If government is stable economy is stable by itself.jour6) Political instability affects the GDP growth of country. It is called â€Å"politicalization of economic growth†. Economic growth is not affected by the nature of the government (democracy or dictatorship). But it is affected by it policy either it`s fiscal or monitory. Develop economy have the following features. High education rate, public health care services, and social benefit are available to each and every one in the country. Economy has high defence system. General public and country assets are secure, no arm conflict and terrorism. For example Pakistan has security problem and internal terrorism due which economy is going down. Developed infrastructure mean of communication, transportation, power supply and the availability of banking and financial structure.( journal 7) For example power supply situation is very bad in Pakistan it have regular break down and not even fulfil the local requirement. Plus the transportation in Pakistan is not proper regulated. Country has appropriate industrial and agriculture development. Developed monitory policy, for example country has price stability, equal distribution of money and money exchange rate is remaining stable. For example Pakistan money exchange rate changes regularly. This increases fluctuation in economy. Economy has high government spending and low tax rates. Jouranl8) economy is effected only when exchange rate not remain stable in international market and government have high tax rates and low spending which increases fluctuation in economy. And inflation is increases in the country. And economic situation is considering in-stable. Book 6) to increase trade between countries economic bloc are establish. For example Europe, North America, South America and Asia pacific areas. Countries in economic bloc have high rate of GNP then the non member countries. Book 7)international business have prier information about the economic situation and make such analysis before investing in the country. Population of the country, power of consumption, income level, balance distribution of money, industrialisation and agricultural activities. GNP rate, rate of growth, GNI rate, price stability, rate of inflation, money exchange rate, government taxes and spending. Infrastructure transportation, communication, mean of power supply, banking and availability of financial intuition. Size of economy and economic system centrally planned economy, mixed economy or market economy. Number and size of competing unit. Balance distribution of business or firm have market monopoly. Life style, shopping pattern, urbanisation, heath and social services, housing environment, law and defence and education level. Sources for international business to get information about local economy is World Bank, IMF, Government publish data, and international economic services. 6.3 Cultural instability Book6) culture can be defined in different ways (Meeds) â€Å"Share patterns of behaviours† (Hofstede) â€Å"Collective mental programming â€Å" Culture is different from nation to nation, because of language, religion, ethic, and behaviours. These have direct effect on life style, education, economic, organisation and political structure, law and regulation. Culture separates the world into different nation and state. Most of conflicts within country barber are arise due to culture difference. This divides country into two parts. For example Pakistan and India separate from each other only due to culture difference. Language is different from country to country. In most countries people used more than one language. Which rise issue of culture different in the same nation. For example Pakistan has more than one language. Which rise race issue in same country. And create economic, political, law and order, unequal distribution of wealth crises in the country. Affect the stability of the country. Book2) From the last one decade religious race is rise in the world. Divide the world into two religions Islam and Christianity. And create terrorist and religious extremist. For example Telenor Denmark mobile company operated in Pakistan last lots business and offices across the country during period of 2005 and 2006 due to religious riots and strikes to protest blasphemous cartoon against Islam was publish in one of Denmark news paper. Country with culture extremist is considered unstable. And most of investor shows lack of confidence in investing such countries. Following analysis international business need to done before invested in such countries. How strong Culture County have. Number of Culture conflict in the country. And their effect one local and international business. Business has information of Religious extremism activity in country. And number of religious strikes and riots. Information about local social, labour and market culture. Number of language in country and racism activity in country. and law and order situation of country. 6.4 Legal instability Book india)Law varies from countries to county. Country law is according to their political and economic situation. And design by Government and society. Law deal all aspects of business either it is contract, employment, tax regulation, property protection, company law, competition, health and safety, environment, human right, product liability, trade mark, patents, nationalization, currency exchange, and foreign currency. Court or judicial system exercises such law in country. In most countries court system is weak, and law change regularly with change in government. Corruptions in system, conflict are settling outside courts. Delay in court decision. Judicial system is not free in work under the supervision of the government. For example Pakistan where judicial system is unstable and government supervise court. This created lots of security problems in country. And it have considerable unfavourable situation for foreign investor. J9)In some causes country law put barrier in way of foreign investor. Country law put restriction on transfer of funds. This creates transfer risk for international business. High tax rates on foreign investment. Restrict export and import policy. Analyses of international business before invest in a country. Business has information about common, civil, public and criminal law. And have idea about country law for foreign investment. How local law protect the intellectual property like trademark, patents, registration and copyright. How the court or judicial system work, court system in country is strong or weak, law have their own freedom or it work under the supervision of government. Business has information about law of data protection and personal details. How health and safety, human right regulation work at the place of work. International business can get such information from sources World bank report, human right organisation, UNO, country financial report, news, and country legal report. 6.5 Financial instability J10) Financial instability slows down development process in the countries. Stock market of the country goes down. Trade decreases and done with considerable high prices. Financial institution is in deficit. Taxes and interest rate are increases. Current account of the country goes in deficit. External borrowings are increases. Federal Reserve of the country decreases. Remittances are goes down. Fiscal position of the country becomes weak. Country cut down the social security and other health care benefit of general public. Cash flow in country slow down. Prices go high and selling decreases. Government spending in country goes down. Country exports are decreases. Unemployment increases, crime rate are high, capital loss and bankruptcies are the result of the financial instability. In such condition there are rear recovery solutions.journal11) Financial instability in country rise due to following reasons Un-proper economic policies monetary, fiscal and exchange rate. Poor risk management of financial intuitions. Weakness of the government intuitions. Wrong measurement of the international financial market. J12 In this situation their are many risk for international business to invest in such country. Where exchange rate is not fixing and fluctuated regularly. It is a real risk for investor. Under and over valuation of the money caused loss to investor. For example currency rate of Pakistan is regularly fluctuated although country foreign policies is very relax to attract the foreign investor but due to financial instability international business are reluctant to invest in Pakistan economy. J13)Sovereign is another risk for international investor. When host country is not able to meet loan obligation. Country is run out of foreign exchange due to financial instability. 6.6 Location and neighbourhood (Jour14)Location and neighbourhood play an important role on the stability of the country. Stability in country and good relationship with their neighbourhood are favourable condition for international business. Countries with same culture, value, ethic and believes, establish a economic bloc where neighbour country share free trade, no restriction of immigration, and they enjoy the same currency. And remove all barriers from trade and they enjoy smooth business with each other. For example the European countries they have free trade agreement. And have one common currency. This brings stability in countries and economic progress as well. If business invest in one of country. Business can cover the market of it neighbouring countries as well. For example Nissan and Toyota establish plant in UK and it covers the whole Europe market. Journal15) On other hand countries in area where situation is not stable. It has effect on other countries. For example Chechnya was in state of war due to Chechen war whole reign was in uncertain condition. It war effect economic and political instability in neighbour countries as well. Similarly Pakistan border are near to Afghanistan and India. Pakistan political and domestic relationship with India is not good and both have many dispute. This creates instability in area. On other part of Pakistan have Afghanistan border. Afghanistan is suffering with terrorist activity in the area. Such terrorist activity are now inter inside of Pakistan area. As the distance increases from the investor country it increases in risk of control and communication problem. It cause delay in business operation. Some causes business not gives quick response to economic and political changes in the area. Due distanced of management control from the host country. 7. Table 1 Instability impact by investment types Direct investment short term financial short term loan long term loan Instabilityprivate sectorprivate sectorto governmentto government Economic High Low Low Moderate Political High Low Moderate High Culture High Low Low Low Legal Moderate High High High Financial High High High High Location High Moderate Low Moderate Table show the impact of instability on type of investment. Journal 9 8. List of unstable countries of the world: Venezuela Pakistan Colombia Indonesia Ecuador Nigeria Ivory coast North Korea Journal 16 9. Conclusion and recommendation The process of location of foreign operation in a new country must be carried out carefully. Firm which aim to invest in foreign country need to make analysis of capital development, economic, political, culture, and legal stability not to make analysis on the risk involved in country. Almost of countries have risk in past. the investment of international firm bring changes in the situation. And country becomes economically stable. The country with risk has no competitor in the area. And with inter of international business it make positive impact. Create more employment, which increases consumption power of people. International business have high rate of profit. As the international business making contribution toward the economy of the country the government of host country give international business some relaxation in law and ensure him all kind of security as business need to do their operation. In order to minimise risk in foreign operation international business need to inter into new county as trader (exporter-importer) or most commonly inter as joint venture with same size local company.

Summary and Analysis of The Summoners Tale :: Canterbury Tales The Summoners Tale Essays

Summary and Analysis of The Summoner's Tale (The Canterbury Tales) Prologue to the Summoner's Tale: The Summoner was enraged by the tale that the Friar told. He claims in response to the Friar that friars and fiends are one and the same. He tells that a friar once was brought to hell by an angel and remarked that he saw no friars there. However, Satan lifted his tail and thousands of friars came out from his ass and swarmed around hell. Analysis The Summoner becomes insane with anger upon hearing the Friar's Tale, which, although it was told with great vitriol against summoners, had a measured manner and refrained from personal attacks. Where the Friar was intensely contemptuous yet civil, the Summoner becomes a brutish and ill-tempered barbarian. Rather than combating the image that Friar's Tale had given of his profession, the Summoner confirms the worst about the low qualities of his kind. The Summoner's Tale: A friar went to preach and beg in a marshy region of Yorkshire called Holderness. In his sermons he begged for donations for the church and afterward he begged for charity from the local residents. He went to the house of Thomas, a local resident who normally indulged him, and found him ill. The friar speaks of the sermon he gave and essentially orders a meal from Thomas's wife. She tells the friar that her child died not more than two weeks before. The friar claimed that he had a revelation that her child had died and entered heaven. He claims that his fellow friars had a similar vision, for they are more privy to God's messages than laymen, who live richly on earth, as compared to richly spiritually. He speaks about how, among the clergy, only friars remain impoverished and thus close to God, and tells Thomas that his illness persists because he has given so little to the church. When Thomas remarks that his wife is angry, the friar launches into a tirade about the ill effects of i re in men of high degree. He tells the tale of an angry king who sentenced a knight to death because he returned without his partner and automatically assumed that he had murdered him. When a third knight lead the condemned knight to his death, they found the knight that he had supposedly murdered. When the third knight returned to the king to have the sentenced reversed, the king sentenced all three to death: the first because he had originally declared it so, the second because he was the cause of the first's death, and the third because he did not obey the king.

The Da Vinci Code ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

First and foremost, to my friend and editor, Jason Kaufman, for working so hard on this project and for truly understanding what this book is all about. And to the incomparable Heide Lange – tireless champion of The Da Vinci Code, agent extraordinaire, and trusted friend. I cannot fully express my gratitude to the exceptional team at Doubleday, for their generosity, faith, and superb guidance. Thank you especially to Bill Thomas and Steve Rubin, who believed in this book from the start. My thanks also to the initial core of early in-house supporters, headed by Michael Palgon, Suzanne Herz, Janelle Moburg, Jackie Everly, and Adrienne Sparks, as well as to the talented people of Doubleday's sales force. For their generous assistance in the research of the book, I would like to acknowledge the Louvre Museum, the French Ministry of Culture, Project Gutenberg, Bibliotheque Nationale, the Gnostic Society Library, the Department of Paintings Study and Documentation Service at the Louvre, Catholic World News, Royal Observatory Greenwich, London Record Society, the Muniment Collection at Westminster Abbey, John Pike and the Federation of American Scientists, and the five members of Opus Dei (three active, two former) who recounted their stories, both positive and negative, regarding their experiences inside Opus Dei. My gratitude also to Water Street Bookstore for tracking down so many of my research books, my father Richard Brown – mathematics teacher and author – for his assistance with the Divine Proportion and the Fibonacci Sequence, Stan Planton, Sylvie Baudeloque, Peter McGuigan, Francis McInerney, Margie Wachtel, Andre Vernet, Ken Kelleher at Anchorball Web Media, Cara Sottak, Karyn Popham, Esther Sung, Miriam Abramowitz, William Tunstall-Pedoe, and Griffin Wooden Brown. And finally, in a novel drawing so heavily on the sacred feminine, I would be remiss if I did not mention the two extraordinary women who have touched my life. First, my mother, Connie Brown – fellow scribe, nurturer, musician, and role model. And my wife, Blythe – art historian, painter, front-line editor, and without a doubt the most astonishingly talented woman I have ever known. FACT: The Priory of Sion – a European secret society founded in 1099 – is a real organization. In 1975 Paris's Bibliotheque Nationale discovered parchments known as Les Dossiers Secrets, identifying numerous members of the Priory of Sion, including Sir Isaac Newton, Botticelli, Victor Hugo, and Leonardo Da Vinci. The Vatican prelature known as Opus Dei is a deeply devout Catholic sect that has been the topic of recent controversy due to reports of brainwashing, coercion, and a dangerous practice known as â€Å"corporal mortification.† Opus Dei has just completed construction of a $47 million World Headquarters at 243 Lexington Avenue in New York City. All descriptions of artwork, architecture, documents, and secret rituals in this novel are accurate.